Decile – is one of the nine values that divide the series of frequencies in ten equal parts so that the first 10% (1st decile) represent the population with the lowest incomes/expenditures, while the last 10% (10th decile) represent the population with the highest incomes/expenditures.
The disposable incomes of the population are the sum of cash and in kind resources obtained from a paid activity and self-employment, from the sale of agricultural products produced on the auxiliary land plot, income from assets, pensions and other social benefits, as well as other current transfers (including goods and money received from outside the household).
The disposable incomes by type may be in cash or in kind:
- Cash incomes are amounts of cash received by people from different sources that are not reimbursable;
- In kind incomes (assessed in MDL) are both the counter value of consumption from the household’s own resources (auxiliary land plot, stocks, etc.) and the counter value of in kind incomes received at the workplace, education, individuals, cash benefits, etc. The assessment in MDL is carried out at the average acquisition prices in the period of reference.
The disposable incomes by their source are divided in:
- Incomes from wages and salaries are considered incomes received as wages, salary increases, bonuses, other salary entitlements provided for in the legislation or collective labor agreements for the time worked in the usual work schedule and in the additional one, as well as other salary entitlements. These incomes also include the counter value of products and services delivered as salary entitlements.
- Incomes from self-employment in agriculture are the net income from the sale of own agricultural products, as well as the counter value of consumption received from the own unsold agricultural resources.
- Incomes from self-employment in non-agricultural sector are the net incomes received from various types of self-employment in non-agriculture. These incomes also include the amounts received from the sale of end products of individual work activities and from the profit obtained by individuals as a result of trade-mediation activities.
- Incomes from property – funds received by the population as interest for bank deposits and loans provided to individuals; dividends and sales of shares; rent payments for assets that are not related to the production activity (real estate, means of transport, long-term use assets, etc.).
- Incomes from social payments cover old-age pensions, disability pensions and survivor’s pensions; social allowances; benefits for incapacity to work; one-off benefits (childbirth allowance, death benefits); child care allowance until the child reaches the age of 2,0/3,0 years; social aid; monthly state allowances; scholarships, etc.
- Other incomes – alimonies; cash and products received for free, remittances, etc.
Gini coefficient – sets the degree of deviation of the effective distribution of incomes/expenditures by equal groups of population from the line of uniform distribution of incomes/expenditures. The statistical value of the coefficient varies from 0 to 1; when it is 0 – there is overall equality of incomes/expenditures among all groups of population; when it is 1 – there is total inequality, all incomes/expenditures belong to one individual.
Growth rhythm of disposable incomes/consumption expenditures – is the evolution in time of incomes/consumption expenditures and two values of the same indicator recorded in different time units are used to calculate it.
Household – a group of two or more individuals living together who are, generally, relatives and share a common budget, participate integrally or partially in the formation of incomes and their spending or the individual living and maintaining a separate household that does not belong to another household.
Household with children is considered the household that includes children under 18 years.
Family couples – are the households consisting of couples with or without children under 18 years.
Single people – households consisting of a single person who does not have relatives, or who has relatives but lives separately from them and does not share a common budget or financial relationships with them.
Households consisting of several family nuclei – are households made of several couples with or without children under 18 years or a parent with children under 18 years.
The social-economic status of the household is determined subject to the main source of income of the household head. According to this classification, there are the following possible categories:
- Employees – households for which the main source of income of the household head is remunerated activity;
- Self-employers in agriculture (farmers) – households for which the main source of income of the household head is the individual agricultural activity;
- Self-employers in non-agricultural activities – households for which the main source of income of the household head are incomes from self-employment in non-agriculture (trade, business, handicraft, etc.);
- Pensioners – households for which the main source of income of the household head is the pension;
- Others – households for which the main source of income of the household head are various cash benefits, incomes from assets, remittances and other incomes.
Status in employment: People are classified by the professional status in compliance with the international classification ICSE-93. Status in employment represents the situation of a person, depending on the way he/she obtains incomes from the carried out activity, and namely: employees; non-employees; employers; own account workers; contributing family workers; member of a cooperative.
- Employee – is the person carrying out an activity under a working contract within an economic or social unit – irrespective of its ownership type – or for private persons, receiving remuneration in form of salary, in cash or in kind, commission, etc.
- Employer – is the person carrying out the activity (craft) within his/her own unit (individual enterprise, shop, office, farm, etc.) having one or several permanent employees.
- Own account worker – is the person carrying out an activity within his/her own enterprise or business, without hiring any permanent employee, being helped or not by unpaid family workers. This status covers as well the independent entrepreneurs (private tutors, private taxi drivers, etc.), freelance professionals (strolling players, artists, lawyers), occasional workers, and individual farmers. Own account worker can have temporary employees.
- Contributing family worker – is the person carrying out the activity within a family economic unit, headed by a family member or by a relative, for which he/she does not receive remuneration in form of salary or payment in kind. The agricultural farm is considered as such unit. If several persons from a household are working within their farm, one of them – generally the household head – is considered as own account worker and the others are considered as contributing family workers.
- Member of a co-operative – is the person who worked as member of a co-operative, where every member has equal rights in decision-making process, solution of problems on production/sale, etc.
Household budget survey (HBS) is a sample survey, the main purpose of which is multifunctional definition of the population living standard from the perspective of incomes, expenditures, consumption, living conditions and other indicators.
Household budget survey is monthly conducted on a representative sample by country and area of residence. Yearly approximately 5 thousand households (without the localities from the left side of river Nistru and municipality Bender) are covered in the survey.
The results of the survey are developed quarterly and annually. General information on households is collected through a ”face to face” interview, but as for data on household’s incomes and expenditures the collection is based on daily records of households on the current incomes and expenditures.
Population consumption expenditures correspond to the expenditures in cash and in kind for the household’s current consumption needs: foodstuffs, nonfood products and utility bills.
Population consumption expenditures by their destination are divided in:
- Expenditures for food and non-alcoholic beverages – overall expenditure for the procurement of consumed food products, as well as the counter value of human food consumption from the household’s own resources.
- Expenditures for alcoholic beverages and tobacco – overall expenditure for the procurement of alcoholic drinks, tobacco and smoking accessories, as well as the counter value of the consumption of these products from the household’s own resources.
- Expenditures for clothing and footwear – overall expenditure for the procurement of clothes and shoes, as well as expenditures incurred for the payment of services related to the production and fixing of these.
- Expenditures for housing, water, electricity and gas – overall expenditure for rent, energy, water and utility bills, as well as the expenditures for maintenance and repair of the dwelling.
- Expenditures for furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance – overall expenditure for the procurement of long-term use goods, home appliances, as well as the payment of services related to the maintenance of these.
- Expenditures for health – overall expenditure incurred for the procurement of medicines, medical equipment, sanitary and hygiene objects, payment of healthcare services and of hospitalized treatment.
- Expenditures for transport – overall expenditure incurred for the procurement of vehicles, spare parts, services related to their maintenance and fixing, as well as the payment of various services of transportation.
- Expenditures for communication – overall expenditure incurred for the payment of post and telecommunication services, as well as expenditures related to the maintenance of telecommunication equipment.
- Expenditures for recreation and culture – overall expenditure incurred for the procurement of social-cultural, leisure and sports objects; printed production (manuals, teaching materials, newspapers, office supplies, etc.); including the payment of different cultural activities and tourism services, etc.
- Expenditures for education – overall expenditure incurred for the procurement of manuals, school supplies, etc., as well as payments for education services, including extracurricular activities and private lessons.
- Expenditures for restaurants and hotels – overall expenditure incurred for accommodation and nutrition outside the household in various specialized places.
- Expenditures for miscellaneous goods and services – overall expenditure incurred for the personal care services, procurement of hygiene and cosmetic products, travel goods; payment for the insurance of life, real estate, means of transport, etc.; administrative fees; legal services and accountancy etc.
Quintile – one of the four values dividing the series of frequencies in five equal parts, so that the first 20% (1st quintile) represents the population with the lowest incomes/expenditures, while the last 20% (5th quintile) represents the population with the highest incomes/expenditures.
Subsistence level represents the minimal volume of goods and services, necessary for the satisfaction of basic requirements, health protection and support of human vital functions.